For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

　　○A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.

　　○The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.

　　○Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.

　　○Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.

　　大肚哥托福阅读 TOEFL Reading

　　Presented by Bellyman

　　简化题

　　Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　简化题只能靠翻译么?

　　OG The Origins of Cetaceans

　　The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.

　　○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.

　　○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.

　　○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.

　　○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.

　　OG The Origins of Cetaceans

　　The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.

　　○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.

　　○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.

　　○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.

　　○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.

　　翻译不出来，就只能跪了??

　　TOEFL Reading

　　大肚哥对薯片情有独钟。最多可以一天吃7袋薯片。每当心情不好的时候，他就吃薯片，因为它可以带来嘴巴上的快感，心灵上的满足，吃起来嘎嘣脆的声音很过瘾。另外一个原因是价格不贵，几块钱就能买到让自己满足的幸福感。基本上所有的薯片他都爱吃，除了醋味的薯片。这一点跟大肚哥老婆一样。但是薯片吃多了也会产生副作用，比如肥胖。因为薯片属于油炸膨化食品，富含高热量，人体摄入后很容易转化成脂肪沉积在体内。大肚哥的体重已经由大学时候的正常变成了现在的超重。

　　句子简化题

　　原文：但是薯片吃多了也会产生副作用，比如肥胖。因

　　为薯片属于油炸膨化食品，富含高热量，人体摄入后很容易

　　转化成脂肪沉积在体内。

　　选项：

　　A.薯片是造成肥胖的原因之一，因为它富含热量，容易在人体内转为脂肪

　　B.薯片不是完美的，高热量的特性容易引起肥胖可以说明这一点。

　　C.薯片被摄入之后会转化成大量的热量

　　D.油炸膨化食品会让人长胖

　　翻译出来不见得有用

　　1.翻译不出来

　　2.翻译出来

　　简化题

　　Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　分主次

　　1.大肚哥喜欢吃薯片，一天能吃七袋。

　　For example; for instance; such as ...;

　　as can be seen

　　2.大肚哥特别胖，身材跟李敏镐形成鲜明反差

　　Contrary to...; rather than; unlike; instead of

　　3.大肚哥特别胖，身材跟大白一样

　　Just like; similar to; just as;

　　4.因为大肚哥特别胖，所以决定每天去健身。

　　therefore; as a result; consequently; and(时间顺序)

　　5. 让步 转折

　　让步词后面的信息：

　　although you are ugly

　　转折词后面的信息：you are rich

　　You are good at sports. You got muscles

　　You got big house. You got cars

　　简化题

　　分主次：

　　让步

　　举例

　　类比

　　对比

　　结果OG The Origins of Cetaceans

　　The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.

　　○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.

　　○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.

　　○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.

　　○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.

　　OG The Origins of Cetaceans

　　The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.

　　○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.

　　○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.

　　○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.

　　○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.

　　TOEFL Reading

　　大肚哥对薯片情有独钟。最多可以一天吃7袋薯片。每当心情不好的时候，他就吃薯片，因为它可以带来嘴巴上的快感，心灵上的满足，吃起来嘎嘣脆的声音很过瘾。另外一个原因是价格不贵，几块钱就能买到让自己满足的幸福感。基本上所有的薯片他都爱吃，除了醋味的薯片。这一点跟大肚哥老婆一样。但是薯片吃多了也会产生副作用，比如肥胖。因为薯片属于油炸膨化食品，富含高热量，人体摄入后很容易转化成脂肪沉积在体内。大肚哥的体重已经由大学时候的正常变成了现在的超重。

　　句子简化题

　　原文：但是薯片吃多了也会产生副作用，比如肥胖。因

　　为薯片属于油炸膨化食品，富含高热量，人体摄入后很容易

　　转化成脂肪沉积在体内。

　　选项：

　　A.薯片是造成肥胖的原因之一，因为它富含热量，容易在人体内转为脂肪

　　B.薯片不是完美的，高热量的特性容易引起肥胖可以说明这一点。

　　C.薯片被摄入之后会转化成大量的热量

　　D.油炸膨化食品会让人长胖

　　(TPO5) The Origin of the Pacific Island People Q9

　　次要

　　Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

　　主要

　　Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

　　(TPO5) The Origin of the Pacific Island People Q9

　　Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.

　　The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.

　　Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.

　　The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.

　　(TPO5) The Origin of the Pacific Island People Q9

　　Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.

　　The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.

　　Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.

　　The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.

　　What have we learnt?

　　Settle定居

　　Domesticated驯化的

　　Maroon放逐

　　Prepared有准备的

　　Colonization殖民

　　Expedition探险远征

　　Be Fully stocked完全装好货物的

　　Propose提出

　　Contrary与。。。相反的

　　Contradict 相矛盾v.

　　Contradiction矛盾n.

　　Adrift漂流的

　　Feat 成就=accomplishment=great success=achievement

　　Accomplish=achieve

　　Accidentally偶然的

　　Set out 出发

　　(TPO1) Timberline Vegetation on Mountains Q9

　　Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.

　　注意正相关负相关 画图

　　(TPO1) Timberline Vegetation on Mountains Q9

　　○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.

　　○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.

　　○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.

　　○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.

　　(TPO1) Timberline Vegetation on Mountains Q9

　　○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.

　　○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.

　　○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.

　　○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.

　　(TPO1) Timberline Vegetation on Mountains Q9

　　Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.

　　What have we learnt?

　　骑白马的不是王子;还可能是唐僧

　　有翅膀的不是天使;还可能是鸟人

　　作主语的不是重要信息，还可能是次要信息

　　What have we learnt?

　　注意推出关系，注意证明关系，分清主次

　　Altitude海拔

　　Velocity速度

　　Evident明显的=clear=obvious

　　Deformed变形的，畸形的

　　Hardship困难=difficulty

　　TPO15 A Warm-Blooded Turtle Q8

　　In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.

　　In a turtle's countercurrent exchange system, outgoing vessels lie near enough to ingoing ones that heat can be exchanged from the former to the latter before reaching the turtle's flippers.

　　○Within the turtle's flippers, there is a countercurrent exchange system that allows colder blood vessels to absorb heat from nearby warmer blood vessels and then return warmed blood to the turtle's body.

　　○In a countercurrent exchange system, a turtle can pick up body heat from being close enough to other turtles, thus raising its blood temperature as it passes them.

　　○When a turtle places its flippers close to its body, it is able to use its countercurrent exchange system to transfer heat from the warmer blood vessels in its body to the cooler blood vessels in its flippers.

　　(TPO1) Groundwater Q12

　　If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.

　　分情况，有方向，画图

　　(TPO1) Groundwater Q12

　　Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.

　　○Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.

　　○Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.

　　○If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.

　　(TPO1) Groundwater Q12

　　○Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.

　　○Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.

　　○Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.

　　○If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.

　　(TPO3) Architecture Q4

　　In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.

　　(TPO3) Architecture Q4

　　In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.

　　(TPO3) Architecture Q4

　　○Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.

　　○Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.

　　○When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.

　　○Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.

　　(TPO3) The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems Q11

　　Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.

　　(TPO3) The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems Q11

　　○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.

　　○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.

　　○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.

　　○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.

　　Electricity from wind Q8

　　Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.

　　Electricity from wind Q8

　　○Hawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridge lines, where wind turbines can kill large numbers of migratory birds.

　　○Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory birds to change their flight patterns and therefore may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt.

　　○Some of the best locations for large wind farms are places that may cause problems for migrating birds and birds of prey.

　　○Large wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a more ideal path for the flight of migratory birds.

　　Tpo4 deer population Q11

　　In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.

　　Tpo4 deer population Q11

　　○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.

　　○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.

　　○Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.

　　○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.

　　Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.

　　What have we learnt?

　　In addition to doing/sth除了。。。之外(同向)

　　Browse v.浏览，吃草; n. 嫩草

　　Longtime长期的

　　Substantially相当地

　　Nutritive有营养的

　　Deforested去树林化的，树被砍光的

　　Feeding grounds觅食地

　　Vegetation植被

　　作业

　　简化题作业：

　　法宝教程

　　P132

　　1题，2题

　　P133

　　3题，4题