托福写作是一个综合的题型，考察考生的听力、阅读、理解以及表达能力。要拿写作也不容易，因此更加要增加备考的力度。北京新航道老师经多年经验总结，今天主要和大家谈谈关于写作中的语法和修辞问题，帮助给大家一些实用的指点。一起去看看。

　　语法规范

　　1. 不完整的句子

　　(1) If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard. One of the hardest things that people do.

　　If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard—one of the hardest things that people do.

　　(2) Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world. A gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.

　　Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world, a gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.

　　Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.

　　2. 分词短语作状语的错误

　　Holding her in his arms, the moon hid behind the cloud.

　　As soon as the moon hid behind the cloud, he held her in his arms.

　　3. 修饰词错位

　　(1) Romeo received word that Juliet was dead from another messenger.

　　Romeo received word from another messenger that Juliet was dead.

　　(2) After leaving the stage, the audience’s applause called the musicians back for an encore.

　　After the musicians left the stage, the audience’s applause called them back for an encore.

　　(3) Disruptive in the classroom, a teacher may become exasperated with hyperactive children.

　　Disruptive in the classroom, hyperactive children may exasperate a teacher.

　　4. 串句

　　Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization, for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance, but when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.

　　Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization; for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance. But when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.

　　5. 时态错误

　　The researchers admitted that they falsified crucial data in the study.

　　The researchers admitted that they had falsified crucial data in the study.

　　6. 代词错误

　　(1) Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take it our on others.来源：北京新航道托福培训

　　Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take them our on others.

　　(2) Each girl and boy must do their part to keep the home fires burning.

　　Each girl and boy must do her or his part to keep the home fires burning.

　　(3) This college has their own entrance requirements.

　　This college has its own entrance requirements.

　　(4) If one wishes to participate in the political process, you can begin by voting regularly.

　　If one wishes to participate in the political process, one can begin by voting regularly.

　　(5) The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, they thought an unhappy employee might have started it.

　　The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, the library staff thought an unhappy employee might have started it.

　　7. 结构混乱

　　Because Hemingway’s style is simple makes his writing accessible to all readers.

　　Because Hemingway’s style is simple, his writing is accessible to all readers.

　　Hemingway’s simple style makes his writing accessible to all readers.

　　巧用修辞

　　1. 排比对称结构

　　Despite all the evidence, experts continue to debate weather global warming exists, how extensive the problem is, what the likely effects will be and whether any remedy is possible.

　　Despite all the evidence, experts continue to debate the existence of global warming, the extent of the problem, its likely effects and any possible remedy.

　　2. 比喻

　　(1)明喻：比喻词出现：as, like, as if…

　　In many ways, no doubt, our world grows more and more complex, sputniks cannot be simple; yet how many of our complexities remain futile, how many of our artificialities false. Simplicity too can be subtle-as the straight lines of a Greek temple, like the Parthenon at Athens, are delicately curved in order to look straighter still.

　　(2)暗喻：比喻词不出现。

　　America has given the Negro people a bad check, which has come back marked insufficient funds.

　　3. 对照：加深印象

　　Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice; moderation is the pursuit of justice is no virtue.

　　4. 类比

　　The Negro has a callus growing on his soul and it is getting harder and harder to hurt him here. That is a simple law of nature. Like a callus on the foot in a shoe that is too tight. The foot is nature’s and that shoe was put on by man. The tight shoe will pinch your foot and make you holler and scream. But sooner or later, if you do not take the shoe off, a callus will form on the foot and begin to wear out the shoe.

　　It is the same with the Negro in America. That shoe-the white man’s system—has pinched and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it has almost destroyed him. But it did not. And how a callus has formed on his soul, and unless that system is adjusted to fit him, too, that callus is going to wear our that system.

　　5. 拟人

　　Dawn was beginning to prowl about the sky and put out the starts.

　　6. 夸张

　　For she was beautiful—her beauty made the bright world dim, and everything beside seemed like the fleeting image of a shade.

　　上面北京新航道老师从语法规范、修辞两个方面谈了一下托福写作中要注意的事项。希望大家在创作的时候也要多关注。一篇文章邪恶造就不是那么简单的，要用心，预祝各位拿到手。

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