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　　Questions 1-5

　　Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.

　　Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

　　A. Apple

　　B. IBM

　　C. Intel

　　D. Alex Mischenko

　　E. Ali Shakouri

　　F. Rama Venkatasubramanian

　　1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.

　　2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.

　　3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.

　　4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.

　　5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.

　　Questions 6-9

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

　　In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet write

　　TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage

　　FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage

　　NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

　　6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.

　　7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.

　　8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.

　　9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.

　　Question 10

　　Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.

　　10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect?

　　A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.

　　B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.

　　C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.

　　D. None of the above.

　　Questions 11-14

　　Complete the notes below.

　　Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

　　Traditional refrigerators use...

　　11...pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computer microprocessors....

　　12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...

　　13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...

　　14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.

　　Key and Explanations:

　　1. D

　　See Paragraph 3: ...Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...

　　2. C

　　See Paragraph 5: The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore’s company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.

　　3. F

　　See Paragraph 8: ...Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. 4. E

　　See Paragraph 8: Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.

　　5. B

　　See Paragraph 9: To improve on this, IBM’s research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.

　　6. TRUE

　　See Paragraph 2: ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.

　　7. FALSE

　　See Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges? 8. FALSE

　　See Paragraph 5: Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. 9. NOT GIVEN

　　See Paragraph 9: In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.

　　10. D

　　See Paragraph 6: Tweaking the processor’s heat sinks ?has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems?also seems to have the end of the road in sight.

　　11. heat

　　See Paragraph 1: Today’s high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.

　　12. paraelectric

　　See Paragraph 3: Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.

　　13. thermoelectric

　　See Paragraph 7: ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it. 14. radiator

　　See Paragraph 9: The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.

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