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　　1. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union. (剑4, test4 passage 1)

　　分析：本句的主句为“These methods include strength training”;“that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics”为定语从句，做“strength training”的定语，关系词为that;“what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics”为宾语从句，由what引导;“a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union”为plyometrics的同位语。

　　2. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. (剑4, test4 passage 1)

　　分析：本句的主句为“A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance”;“recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions”为现在分词短语做状语。

　　3. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. (剑4, test4 passage 1)

　　分析：本句较长，主句为“That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists”;“who put their minds to comprehending something”为定语从句，做biomechanics specialists 的定语，关系词为who;“that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations”也是定语从句，做something的定语，关系词为that。

　　4. But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation, so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句的主句为“But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation”;“so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story”为so that引导的结果状语从句;“what these things mean for the human story”为what引导的宾语从句，做understand的宾语。

　　5. Anthropologists also use the term ‘culture' in a more restricted sense when they refer to the ‘culture' of a particular society, meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society, which distinguish it from other societies. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句的主句为 “Anthropologists also use the term ‘culture' in a more restricted sense”，“when they refer to the ‘culture' of a particular society”为when引导的时间状语从句;“meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society”为现在分词短语做定语;“which distinguish it from other societies”为非限制性定语从句，关系词为which。

　　6. Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句的主句为“Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved”;“as it is also called”定语从句，做biological anthropology的定语，关系词为as;“how they evolved”为how引导的宾语从句，做concern的宾语。

　　7. Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities, archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains—the buildings, tools, and other artifacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句主句为“archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains”;“Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities”为whereas引导的让步状语从句;“that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies”为定语从句，做the buildings, tools, and other artifacts的定语，关系词为that;“what is known as the material culture left over from former societies”为what引导的宾语从句，做constitute的宾语。

　　8. Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology', where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture—how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, and so on. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句主句为“Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology'”;“where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture”为定语从句，做‘ethnoarchaeology'的定语，关系词为where;“how such societies use material culture”为how引导的宾语从句，做learn的宾语;“how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do”位于破折号后面，解释前文中的“how such societies use material culture”, 也是how和why引导的宾语从句;“where they do”为where引导的地点状语从句。

　　9. Heritage studies constitute a developing field, where it is realized that the world's cultural heritage is a diminishing resource which holds different meanings for different people. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句的主句为“Heritage studies constitute a developing field”;“where it is realized that the world's cultural heritage is a diminishing resource”为定语从句，做a developing field的定语，关系词为where;“that the world's cultural heritage is a diminishing resource”为that引导的主语从句，it为形式主语;“which holds different meanings for different people.”为定语从句，做a diminishing resource的定语，关系词为which。

　　10. To archaeology, which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing, the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line that recognizes the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句较长，主句为 “the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line”;“which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing”为定语从句，做archaeology的定语，关系词为which;“that recognizes the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the importance of the useful information”也是定语从句，做dividing line的定语，关系词为that;“contained in oral histories”为过去分词短语作定语，限定useful information。

　　11. Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline. (剑4, test4 passage 2)

　　分析：本句为并列句，由and连接，句子“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study”和句子“since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline.”并列;句子“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study”中主句为“it is a humanistic study”, “Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind”为since引导的原因状语从句;句子“since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline”中主句为“it is a historical discipline”, “since it deals with the human past”为since引导的原因状语从句。

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