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发布时间:2024-09-23 关键词:托福考情
摘要:有一种蓝色的蝴蝶在幼虫的阶段它会在树上来吃一些树叶,但是长大了之后它就会掉落在地上,通过吃蚂蚁来成长成蝴蝶。
阅读
R1
有一种蓝色的蝴蝶在幼虫的阶段它会在树上来吃一些树叶,但是长大了之后它就会掉落在地上,通过吃蚂蚁来成长成蝴蝶。大概在100年前,这种蝴蝶因为当地生存环境的恶劣而慢慢的消失了。尤其是经历了一段时间的干旱之后,这种物种在英格兰的南部就彻底灭绝了。但是因为它的颜色特别的美丽,所以科学家们希望把这种物种在通过引进的方式恢复过来。科学家们最早用的方法是建立一个保护区,禁止人类和家禽进入。但是这种方法完全无效,因为这种蝴蝶的幼虫是需要吃一种特定的草的。而这种草如果想生长得特别旺盛的话,就需要有家禽来进行啃食,只有啃食了之后,这些草才能生长得更为旺盛。而当它生长的不够好的时候,其他的灌木就会在这个地方茁壮生长。当食物不充足的时候,这种蝴蝶最终就灭绝了。
在接下来,科学家们希望从欧洲大陆引入它的近亲另外一种蓝色的蝴蝶,但是这种蝴蝶是以蚂蚁的幼虫为食。必须想办法进入到蚂蚁的巢穴。能够生长并且化茧成蝶。这种欧洲大陆的蓝色蝴蝶一开始也是要先产卵,这种卵是在植物上来生长,因为它要以植物为食。到大概夏天左右的阶段,它会成长成幼虫。这个时候幼虫就会掉落到地面上,然后等待蚂蚁来发现它,而且它会分泌一种糖浆来吸引蚂蚁。然后当蚂蚁发现它之后,这种幼虫就会膨胀,模仿成一只逃跑的年幼的蚂蚁。然后这个工蚁会观察他很久,大概一个多小时,最终决定把他带回巢穴。但是在进入巢穴之前,它的生长速度一直都很缓慢,但是当他进入巢穴之后,以蚂蚁的卵或者幼虫为食之后,它的生长就会迅速的变快。而且他还会去模仿蚁后的声音,这样就会获得很多的优待。他通常要吃几百只蚂蚁的卵才会会成长成蝴蝶。而且它能够分泌一些蚂蚁后代的化学物质来防止蚂蚁反过来把它吃掉。直到夏天,当蚂蚁发现它是蝴蝶之前,它要迅速的逃离。
很显然,能够成功的潜入蚂蚁的巢穴是他生命的最关键的阶段。只有当当地的气候比较凉爽,这样会方便蚂蚁找到它,而且还要防止出现另外一种虫子。因为一旦被另外一种虫子搬回家里的话。那么它存活的成功率会大大降低。如果这种蝴蝶的幼虫想生存的话,必须有超过50的虫卵被扳回正确的蚂蚁的巢穴。而且还要求这个蚂蚁的幼虫掉落到地面上的时候,必须要在蚂蚁巢穴的两米以内。而显然这都限制了这种蓝色蝴蝶的存活率。
R2
格陵兰人主要获得收入的方法就是与原来的挪威来进行贸易,比如说格陵兰岛上的人可以出售北极熊的皮,然后并且还可以出售象牙,而且这些新来的挪威人还在格陵兰岛上建立了几百个农场,他们一开始是养猪养牛的,但是慢慢的猪对于环境的破坏就太大了,他们慢慢就不养猪了。他们就转眼去养羊,因为羊可以在野外生存9个月,因为它的抗寒能力会更强。而格陵兰人他们还需要在岛上来砍一些树,但是因为纬度比较高,长的树比较少,因此他们砍伐一段时间之后,周围的木材资源就会少了很多。而当木材的资源变少之后,他们就带来了另外一个问题,就是当他们想炼铁的时候,是没有燃料去燃烧炉子的。
他们在春天的时候就会去海边来建立营地,专门为的就是去捕猎海豹。但是通过考古发现格陵兰岛上的人并没有去捕鱼,因为在他们的遗迹当中没有怎么发现鱼骨头。考古学家们认为格陵兰岛上的人之所以不捕鱼,很有可能是与他们原来在挪威的文化有一定的关系。因为有些挪威文化里面是不吃鱼的。
当整个气候越来越寒冷的时候,他们获得食物的窗口期就越来越短,这也给他们带来了很大的获取实物上的麻烦。相应的格陵兰岛上的人就会更多的去捕猎海豹,因为只有海豹才能填补他们实物上的缺口。
而温度下降也给周围的海带来了很大的影响,因为这会使得岛屿周围的冰变得更多。同样的,他们也很难在乘坐船去去获取木材,相应的他们造船难度也会更大。而在很长一段时间当中,格陵兰岛上的人都是通过贸易交易来获得收入的,当他们的航行变得更困难之后,他们与挪威之间的贸易也变得更困难,并且利润也会更低。他们所贸易的商品也从原来高附加值的海象牙,变成了鱼油这样的商品,慢慢的人们在格陵兰岛上就无法继续生存下去了。
听力
Conversation 1
经济学系的负责人丹尼尔教授对学生主导的信用合作社的运作模式非常感兴趣。他特别指出,这家合作社是校园里一个没有教授参与顾问角色的学生经营企业。一个学生详细阐述了合作社的组织架构。他们解释了自己在合作社中的角色,包括负责招聘员工、进行员工培训、安排工作日程以及解决客户的投诉问题。教授对员工反馈系统感兴趣,他提到自己正在进行一个研究项目希望将信用合作社纳入研究。学生表示会与其他成员讨论,并组织员工会议让教授展示系统的运作。
Lecture 1
关于动物如何通过体型适应环境变化,首先被提及的是鸟类,尤其是雀类,它们的喙部形态会根据它们的食物来源——种子或昆虫——而发生相应的变化。侏罗纪时期的蜥脚类恐龙,这些蜥脚类恐龙以其庞大的体型而闻名,体重可达15吨,体长可达60米。它们的长颈使它们能够触及高处的植物作为食物来源,同时,它们的消化系统也必须足够庞大以处理大量的食物摄入。然而,随着海平面的上升,原本的大陆变成了岛屿,资源变得稀缺,这导致在欧洲的一些蜥脚类恐龙体型变小。这种体型缩小的现象被称为岛屿侏儒化,是动物在资源受限的环境中为了生存而自然发生的适应过程。研究人员通过类似于树木年轮分析的技术,确认这些较小的蜥脚类恐龙实际上是成年个体。与岛屿侏儒化相反的现象:霸王龙的祖先,冠龙,体型较小,大约只有霸王龙体型的四分之一。随着霸王龙猎物的体型增大,为了保持在食物链顶端的捕食者地位,霸王龙也逐渐演化得更大。这表明恐龙体型的变化是对食物供应变化的一种适应性反应。
Lecture 2
在19世纪80年代,自行车的普及遭遇了挑战,因为骑行者常常被禁止在道路上行驶。为了争取合法的道路使用权,一群自行车爱好者组建了“美国骑轮联盟”,并通过法律途径在1890年成功争取到了骑行的权利。随着“安全自行车”的推出,骑行变得更加普遍,女性骑行者的数量也随之增加。随着骑行活动的流行,道路状况成为了一个突出的问题,尤其是在乡村地区。为了改善这一状况,“美国骑轮联盟”通过《好道路》杂志强调了改善道路对农民的重要性,并鼓励骑行者和农民联合向政府提出诉求。自行车制造商阿尔伯特·波普上校发起了一项请愿,旨在建立一个道路管理部门,最终促成了美国州际公路网络的建立。尽管随着汽车旅游的兴起,道路设计逐渐偏向汽车,使得骑行变得不那么方便,但近年来自行车骑行的复兴和自行车道的增加表明,骑行者正在重新争取更优质的道路条件。
Conversation 2
马修·鲍文最近从其他大学转到了这里,但由于错过了申请宿舍的最后期限,他被随机分配到了约克大厅的一个狭小的三人房间。他对这一安排感到不满,因为房间的空间非常有限。
尽管他尝试与室友们沟通,希望能找到一种解决方案,但室友们认为他不应该过分要求,因为他们是先到的。然而,一位女性同学向他解释,根据大学的规定,所有宿舍的学生在空间使用上享有同等的权利,这与谁先入住无关。如果空间分配不均,室友们应该采取轮流使用的方式。
她建议马修可以向室友们说明这一规定,如果沟通无效,他可以寻求宿舍顾问的帮助。此外,她还提出了一个非正式的解决方案:住在大房间的学生可以考虑向住在小房间的学生提供一些经济补偿。马修决定尝试这个建议,看看是否能够改善他的居住条件。
Lecture 3
关于两尊青铜雕塑是否出自米开朗基罗之手,历史上早有争议,但因缺乏确凿证据而未被广泛接受。然而,的研究显示,这两尊雕塑的雕刻技艺与文艺复兴时期的技术完全吻合,且时间上与米开朗基罗早期的创作时期相吻合。尽管有人推测这些作品可能出自达芬奇,但这一假设缺乏支持。此外,米开朗基罗的手稿中发现了这两尊雕塑的复制品,这为米开朗基罗是作者的说法提供了进一步的证据。至于为何米开朗基罗的青铜雕塑没有流传下来,一种推测是这些作品可能在后来被熔化用于制造武器。这一假设虽然尚未得到证实,但为这两尊青铜雕塑的起源提供了一种可能的解释。
口语
TASK 1 独立口语题
Some people think children should wear uniforms to school. Others believe uniforms should not be required. Which opinion do you agree with? Explain why.
TASK 2 校园题
The school plans to offer students some free shuttle bus to send them home.
The student in the listening agrees with the plan. He mentioned that it could save time. Also, he suggested that the university should provide with more options in the schedule.
TASK 3 学术讲座题
The lecture is talking about the concept of specialization. Some animals can survive without fighting against other animals for food. The professor gives an example to illustrate the concept. He mentions a type of animal called koala which feeds on a special tree that is toxic for other animals. So, except koalas, no animals eat this type of trees. Koalas are immune to this tree because they have a special digestion system. However, this might cause species extinction if koalas only eat this tree. Once the environment changes, the number of this type of trees may dramatically decrease so that koalas do not have enough food to eat and they will die eventually.
TASK 4 学术讲座题
This lecture is talking about two drawbacks of incentive rewarding. Firstly, it is difficult to decide who takes the credit of sales. Secondly, this might increase the competition so that nobody would like to share selling techniques.
写作
综合写作
阅读部分:
Honeysuckle is a plant that grows in dense clusters and produces fruit in the form of berries. A species of honeysuckle that was brought to North America from East Asia for ornamental purposes has spread extremely rapidly in the wild and is now classified as an invasive species. Nonetheless, some biologists argue that nonnative honeysuckle actually has important beneficial effects on North American ecology.
First, these scientists have found that honeysuckle supports the spread of native plant species by attracting animals that disperse plant seeds, Honeysuckle plants produce a high number of berries that are an appealing food for small animals. The honeysuckle's numerous berries attract animals, and these animals also eat the berries of other nearby plants. When animals eat berries, they expose the seeds that the berries contain, and because they often carry berries elsewhere, animals spread the seeds of both the honeysuckle and the native plant species to other places.
Second, honeysuckle can play a positive role in wildfire containment in woodlands and grasslands. The spread of naturally occurring wildfires is normally fueled by dry grasses, which burn easily. Honeysuckle creates dense shade, which prevents grass from growing beneath it and keeps the soil under the honeysuckle moist. With little to no dry grass in an area, naturally occurring fires have very little fuel to keep them going once they start. By limiting the spread of wildfires, honeysuckle helps reduce fire damage to natural landscapes as well as human dwellings.
Third, honeysuckle supports some bird populations. Honeysuckle berries are an attractive and plentiful food source at the time of year when some bird populations are about to migrate. These birds often consume honeysuckle berries as they prepare for their long and demanding journey to warmer climates.
听力部分:
The reading overstate says ecological benefits from the nonnative honeysuckle.
First, it is true that when animal spread seeds of the honeysuckle, they also spread seeds of the native plants. But that doesn't mean that native plants were actually grown from those seeds successfully. You see, animals typically carry seeds of honeysuckle and native plants together, and then they drop all of those seeds together in one place. As they grow together in that place, the honeysuckle eventually eliminate a competition, the native plants. The honeysuckle quickly become so dense that they can block the native plant access the sunlight. And without the sunlight, the native plants will die.
Second, it is true that honeysuckle helps keep fires from spreading. But let's take a closer look at what actually happens when occasional, naturally occurring wildfire spreads. Fires causes chemical and physical changes in the soil that releases the important nutrients. For example, the chemical element, nitrogen, becomes more available in the soil and easier for plant to absorb following the fire. Nitrogen-rich soil is productive, and supports diverse variety of plants. But in the areas where honeysuckle is so dominant, there is almost no grass. fires almost never spread, and levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen, can become poor.
Third, there is a drawback to birds eating honeysuckle berries before migrating. You see, when birds migrate, they fly for a very long period of time, and to do this successfully, they need a lot of stored energy. Migrating birds store energy in the form of excess fat. Eating certain kinds of food shelp them do this, food like the berries from native plants called dogwood. Those berries have a lot of fatty oil, but honeysuckles berries do not have much fat or oil. So birds that rely on the honeysuckle berries may not able to store enough energy to help them migrate.
学术讨论
Your professor is teaching a class on culture. Write a post responding to the professor's question.
In your response, you should do the following: Express and support your opinion.
-Make a contribution to the discussion in your own words
An effective response will contain at least 100 words
教授:如何让young adults(18-25岁)对classical music感兴趣?
同学:建议是电视 报纸等媒体多宣传
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