前面两文中，我们对托福阅读的6中题型做法和解题策略都给了详细的分析，接下来，北京新航道老师为大家分析最后两种题型——词汇题和表格题。希望我们的建议能帮助对解答这些题有障碍的同学克服困难，争取拿。下面去看看吧。

 

　　IBT阅读中词汇题的解决策略

 

　　词汇题就是从具体的语境中理解词汇。鉴于英语单词的一词多义，所以准确理解某一个单词的意思需要依据语境。这里的语境就是我们所要阅读的文章的上下文。一般来说通过上下文推断或者猜测词意，上下文中可以利用的信息为，例句，对比词，同义词，反义词或者其他段落的解释等。此外，文章中一些特定搭配关系也可以帮助我们找到正确的答案。IBT的词汇题考的都是近义词，题目常见的问法如下：The word (or phrase) X is closest in meaning to ……, the word (or phrase) x could be best replaced by X。做这类题目，判断所考察词汇在原句中与其周围词汇的关系是关键，此外还要注意所考察词汇的词性。下面我们来看看常见的五种可以帮助我们迅速找到词汇题答案的特殊关系。

 

　　一、五类常见的词汇关系：

 

　　1. 直接反义关系—该词前或后出现的内容提示我们是反义关系。 表示相反概念的词语如下rather than，instead，unlike，contrast，on the contrary。

 

　　例如：

 

　　The main conflict in the novel is between a mother who places a high value on hard

 

　　work and honor and a son who repudiates his mother’s values instead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebrity

 

　　The word repudiates in the passage in closest in meaning to __

 

　　A) refuses to accept B) lives up to C) tries to understand D) makes the best of

 

　　假如repudiates我们不认识，从后面的小词 instead 这个词判定儿子和***价值观念是相反的，由此信息看四个选项，你会发现只有A选项带有否定的意味

 

　　2。并列关系：并列关系词如下： and，not only ..but also，as…as，and，both … and，either… or neither… nor

 

　　例如：

 

　　She embarked on her career by working as a newspaper reporter in Wisconsin and soon began writing novels。

 

　　The phrase embarked on in this sentence is closest in meaning to

 

　　A) took a trip to B) started out on C) improved upon D) had a opinion about

 

　　回到原文看embarked on周围的词语和它在这个句子中的作用。在这句中关健词 and 其后出现soon began告诉我们前后方向是一致的，前面也必然和began有关，所以本题目的正解是B。

 

　　3。解释关系：后面的句子或短词，单词来解释前面的词。常见的标志词：Contribute to，be responsible for，account for，since ，therefore ，for，because，in which等

 

　　例如：

 

　　His big break came with the novel So big(1924) ,which was awarded the Pulitzer in literature。

 

　　The word break in this sentence could best be replaced by ___

 

　　A) Rupture B) revelation C) opportunity D) rest

 

　　which was awarded the Pulitzer in Literature告诉我们考查的是正态度，所以答案不可能是A) D)，所以应该选 C) Opportunity 是一种有利的状态或合适的时机。

 

　　4. 动宾关系：看看宾语能否受动词支配，或从动词短语搭配去判定。

 

　　例如：

 

　　The oxidation of exhaust gases is one of primary sources of the world’s pollutions. The brown haze that is poised over some of the world’s largest cities is properly called photochemical smog。

 

　　The word poised in this sentence is closest in meaning to__

 

　　A) interacting B) sitting C) blowing D) poisoning

 

　　首先从搭配关系上可以排除 interacting ,interact with 然后可以从上下文关系排除 blowing over 因为吹走了就是不会有smog。而poison考试中及物才有pollute的含义，不及物只有一种含义表示投毒。

 

　　5. 形容词修饰名词关系：

 

　　例如：

 

　　When the gas reaches the air, it comes into contact with available oxygen from atmosphere and combines with the oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide (No2)， which is a gas with a brownish hue。

 

　　The word hue in this sentence is closest in meaning to

 

　　A)color B)odor C)thickness D)smoke

 

　　对于本题你会发现有个小词brownish 呈褐色的，首先从形容词修饰名词关系可以直接排除B odor C thickness， 其次可以通过 a gas with brownish hue前面的 gas 排除 D smoke，用词重复。所以正确答案是A。

 

　　二、解决词汇题的三大技巧：

 

　　1、首先看是否认识， 如果在认识， 采用就近原则，在选项中找同义或近义词， 并代入原文检验;如果不认识，将4个选项代入原文， 看上下文是否合理。

 

　　2、分析词语在句子中的作用，了解词性，然后按照上面提供的5类关系方法找出正确答案。

 

　　3、看选项，如果选项的有2个答案都比较合适，根据词汇搭配的5类关系，选择在含义上与原词最合适的。

 

　　总之，根据原文章语境理解所要选择词汇的词性和其在句中的作用，然后根据5类词汇搭配关系来选择合适的选项是解决这类题目的基础，排除法是解决这类题的主要方法。

 

　　IBT阅读表格题目的解决策略

 

　　IBT阅读中的表格题是新题型，同时在IBT听力部分也出现了。与听力部分不同的是，IBT阅读部分的表格题既包括了对全文重点内容的发问又包括了对全文主题和结论发问。它们以对比表格和总结表格的形式出现。相对于听力表格题来说，阅读部分的难度系数更大一些。在IBT阅读的3篇文章中有两个此类问题，且通常是文章最后一道题目，为2分。

 

　　一、表格题分为两大类：总结表格题和对比表格题。

 

　　1、总结表格题

 

　　相对而言， 总结表格题的出现频率要高于对比表格题，这是由它们自身特点，出题方式和原文是否具备对比对照关系这三方面的因素决定的。

 

　　2、题的出题模式有两种：

 

　　一种是针对全文内容出题，答案由全文的主题，细节和重点支持段落的概述三部分组成。来源：北京新航道托福培训 另外一种是针对文章中的重点支持性段落出题，答案由这些重点支持性段落主题，段落结论，以及重点支持性例子的概述三部分组成。这里我们重点看种出题模式。

 

　　我们来看一个例子，

 

　　The Atlantic Cod Fishery

 

　　Off the northeastern shore of North America, from the island of Newfoundland in Canada south to new England in the United States, there is a series of shallow areas called banks. Several large banks off Newfoundland are together called Grand Banks, huge shoals on the edge of North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf Stream meet the cold waters of Labrador Current. As the currents brush each other, they stir up mineral from the ocean floor, providing nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill, which feed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the surface to eat the krill. Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has produced cod by the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on Earth。

 

　　Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports of north western Europe arrived to fish the Grand Banks. For the next eight centuries, the entire Newfoundland economy taking fish back to European markets. Cod laid out to dry on wooden “flakes” was a common sight in the fishing villages dotting the coast. Settlers in the region used to think the only sea creature worth talking about was cod, and in the local speech the word “fish” became synonymous with cod. Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was cod。

 

　　By the nineteenth century, the Newfoundland fishery was largely controlled by merchants based in the capital at St. John’s. They marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working out of more than 600 villages around the long coastline. In return, the merchants provided fishing equipment, clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in the island’s thin, rocky soil. This system kept the fishers in a continuous state of debt and dependence on the merchants。

 

　　Until the twentieth century, fishers believed in the cod’s ability to replenish itself and thought that overfishing was impossible. However, Newfoundland’s cod fishery began to show signs of trouble during the 1930s, when cod failed to support the fishers and thousands were unemployed. The slump lasted for the next few decades. Then when an international agreement decided to build up the modern Grand Banks fleet and make fishing a viable economic base for Newfoundland again. All of Newfoundland’s seafood companies were merged into one conglomerate. By the 1980s, the conglomerate was prospering, and cod were commanding excellent prices in the market. Consequently, there was a significant increase in the number of fishers and fish—processing plant workers。

 

　　However, while the offshore fishery was prospering, the inshore fishermen found their catches dropping off. In 1992, the Canadian government responded by closing the Grand Banks to groundfishing. Newfoundland’s cod fishing and processing industries were shut down in a bid to let the vanishing stocks recover. The moratorium was extended in 1994, when all of the Atlantic cod fisheries in Canada were closed, except for one in Nova Scotia, and strict quotas were placed on other species of groundfish. Canada’s cod fishing industry collapsed, and around 40,000 fishers and other industry workers were put out of work。

 

　　Atlantic cod stocks had once been so plentiful that early explorers joked about walking on the backs of the teeming fish. Today, cod stocks are at historically low levels and show no signs of imminent recovery, even after drastic conservation measures and severely limited fishing. Fishermen often blame the diminishing stocks on seals, which prey on cod and other species, but scientists believe that decades of overfishing are to blame. Studies on fish populations have shown that cod disappeared from Newfoundland at the same time that stocks started rebuilding in Norway, raising the possibility that the cod had migrated. Still, no one can predict whether and when the cod will return to the Grand Banks. ]

 

　　An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points

 

　　The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries。

 

　　1、Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell。

 

　　2、Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery。

 

　　3、The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s

 

　　Answer Choices

 

　　(1)Atlantic cod stocks were once plentiful in the rich environment around the Grand Banks。把托福加入收藏

 

　　(2)The Atlantic cod is a groundfish that preys on herring and small fish that eat krill。

 

　　(3)Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell。

 

　　(4)The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s。

 

　　(5)Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery。

 

　　(6)Newfoundland exports millions of dollars worth of crab and other shellfish every year。

 

　　解题基本思路：首先确定这个题目属于总结表格题，其主题为The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries。(鳕鱼渔业带动了纽芬兰经济发展已经有好几个世纪。)后面三个分论点的内容都是围绕这个论点展开：因为渔业的发达人们忽略了过度捕杀来的问题;尽管采取各种限制捕杀政策，鳕鱼的库存还是不断减少而其数量也没有回升的迹象;加拿大政府从20世纪80年代开始想办法来繁荣纽芬兰的经济。通过对上面这些句子和主题的分析，我们已经可以猜出文章的主要内容，人们的过度捕杀导致自己的经济来源-鳕鱼数量不断减少。根据这个理解然后看答案。根据文章内容，我们知道选项 A ，C， E与文章的内容和题目表格内容相符合。其中B内容在文章中有，但是不符合，D的内容也是正确的，但是与E相比，E更合适，而F 直接排除掉。

 

　　3、总结表格题做题三大步骤：

 

　　判断题目类型(全文型还是段落型)--------------根据题目类型找主题、细节和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正确答案。

 

　　4、对比表格题

 

　　对比表格题都会有明确的对比项，也就是在文章中几个不同事物之间相对比。

 

　　这类型的题目相对于总结表格题来说简单。只要按照文章题目的要求，返回原文去找和要求意思相近的答案就可以了。其具体解题方法和总结表格题相同，所以这里就不赘述了。

 

　　总之，判断题目类型(总结表格题和对比表格题)--------------根据题目类型找主题、细节和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正确答案是解决这类问题的策略。

 

　　上面关于托福阅读的词汇题和表格题的解法，我们已经结合实例给大家做了详细的介绍和步骤安排，希望大家能够参考练习，克服障碍，加油!

 

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