前面给同学分享了托福TPO22阅读篇原文及题目详解。希望考生认真看。真题是托福考试的标尺和模型，要重视。下面继续请看北京新航道托福频道为大家奉上的托福TPO22阅读第二篇原文及题目详解。

 

　　Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.

　　Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.

　　A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.

　　The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.

　　One of the things that most impressed the original audience for photography was the idea of authenticity. Nature now seemed able to speak for itself, with a minimum of interference. The title Talbot chose for his book, The Pencil of Nature (the first part of which was published in 1844), reflected this feeling. Artists were fascinated by photography because it offered a way of examining the world in much greater detail. They were also afraid of it, because it seemed likely to make their own efforts unnecessary.

　　Photography did indeed make certain kinds of painting obsolete—the daguerreotype virtually did away with the portrait miniature. It also made the whole business of making and owning images democratic. Portraiture, once a luxury for the privileged few, was suddenly well within the reach of many more people.

　　In the long term, photography's impact on the visual arts was far from simple. Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor. Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became reluctant to admit that they made use of it, in case this compromised their professional standing.

　　The rapid technical development of photography—the introduction of lighter and simpler equipment, and of new emulsions that coated photographic plates, film, and paper and enabled images to be made at much faster speeds—had some unanticipated consequences. Scientific experiments made by photographers such as Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) demonstrated that the movements of both humans and animals differed widely from the way they had been traditionally represented in art. Artists, often reluctantly, were forced to accept the evidence provided by the camera. The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats. The accidental effects obtained by candid photographers were soon being copied by artists such as the French painter Degas.

　　Paragraph 1: Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.

　　1. What can be inferred from paragraphs 1 and 2 about the effect of photography on nineteenth-century painting?

　　A Photography did not significantly change the way people looked at reality.

　　B Most painters used the images of the camera obscura in preference to those of the

　　Daguerreotype.

　　C Painters who were concerned with realistic or naturalistic representation were

　　particularly influenced by photography.

　　D Artists used the long-awaited invention of photography in just the ways they had

　　expected to.

　　推断题

　　定位词：effect of photography on nineteenth-century painting

　　解析：The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- andlate-nineteenth centurywere all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.画家都关注摄影。选3

　　Paragraph 4: The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effectwas soft edged and tonal.

　　2. The word "duplicated"in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　O copied

　　O replaced

　　O handled

　　O clarified

　　词汇题

　　解析：The daguerreotype was a uniqueimage thatreproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. Unique表示特殊的，的，reproduce表示再创造，所以这种技术是无法复制的，选1

　　3. The phrase "Its general effect"in the passage refers to

　　O the camera lens

　　O the calotype

　　O the etching

　　O the engraving

　　指代题

　　解析：The calotypecould be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.指代前指，一般是前一句的主语，选2

　　Paragraph 2: Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.

　　Paragraph 3: A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.

　　4. According to paragraphs 2 and 3 which of the following did the daguerreotype and the calotype have in common?

　　O They were equally useful for artists.

　　O They could be reproduced.

　　O They produced a permanent image

　　O They were produced on treated paper.

　　细节题

　　定位词：daguerreotype and the calotype have in common

　　解析：Paragraph 2: Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.

　　Paragraph 3: A secondand very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype"was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.

　　分析选项：

　　O They were equallyuseful for artists.没有提到同样有用

　　O They could be reproduced.没有提到

　　O They produced a permanent image

　　O They were produced on treated paper.只有calotype用treated paper

　　其实通过排除可以得出答案，此题答案比较隐晦，第二段说到技术的缺陷是不能永恒保留图片，所以有了新的发明daguerreotype,之后又出现了calotype，说明这两种方法都是湿的图片保存的新的方法，选3

　　Paragraph 5: One of the things that most impressed the original audience for photography was the idea of authenticity. Nature now seemed able to speak for itself, with a minimum of interference. The title Talbot chose for his book, The Pencil of Nature (the first part of which was published in 1844), reflected this feeling. Artists were fascinated by photography because it offered a way of examining the world in much greater detail. They were also afraid of it, because it seemed likely to make their own efforts unnecessary.

　　5. The word "authenticity"in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　O improvement

　　O practicality

　　O genuineness

　　O repetition

　　词汇题

　　解析：One of the things that most impressed the original audience for photography was the idea ofauthenticity.Nature now seemed able to speak for itself, with a minimum of interference.后面具体解释authenticity 的概念，可以自然的表露，使得干扰最小化，也就是保留真实性，选3

　　Paragraph 6: Photography did indeed make certain kinds of painting obsolete—the daguerreotype virtually did away with the portrait miniature. It also made the whole business of making and owning images democratic. Portraiture, once a luxury for the privileged few, was suddenly well within the reach of many more people.

　　6. What point does the author make in paragraph 6?

　　O Paintings became less expensive because of competition with photography.

　　O Photography, unlike painting, was a type of portraiture that even ordinary pe pie could afford.

　　O Every style of painting was influenced by the invention of photography.

　　O The daguerreotype was more popular than the calotype.

　　细节题

　　解析：It also made the whole business of making and owning imagesdemocratic.Portraiture, oncea luxury for the privileged few,was suddenly well within the reach of many more people.也就是说以前绘画被认为是一种的东西，只有富人可以享有的东西，现在由于摄影的发展，使得平民化，普通人都可以支付的起，选2

　　Paragraph 7: In the long term, photography's impact on the visual arts was far from simple.来源：北京新航道托福频道 Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor.Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became reluctantto admit that they made use of it, in case this compromised their professional standing.

　　7. The word "reluctant"in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　O unable

　　O embarrassed

　　O unlikely

　　O unwilling

　　词汇题

　　解析：Even those artists who were most dependent on photography becamereluctantto admit that they made use of it, in case this compromised their professional standing.甚至那些依赖摄影的艺术家都____承认他们使用摄影技术，一方动摇他们的专业地位;根据后面的解释我们可以知道，填一个否定词，不愿意，选4

　　8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　O Photography did not replace other fine arts because people felt the image looked cheap in relation to the other arts.

　　O Photography was not considered a true art because people could use it to create many images cheaply.

　　O Photography was so cheap and readily available that it could be purchased by people who were too poor to purchase fine art.

　　O Photography not only spread quickly but also was a cheap art form and so became trie successor of fine arts rather than its poor relation.

　　句子简化

　　解析：Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather thanits destined successor.因果关系，因为截止丰富，某种意义上说，使得大量廉价生产图片成为可能，这很快被认为是艺术劣质品而不是取而代之。

　　O Photography did not replace other fine arts becausepeople felt the image looked cheap in relation to the other arts.因果关系不对，不是因为人们感觉廉价，而是大量生产使得廉价

　　O Photography was not considered a true artbecause people could use it to create many images cheaply. 关系正确，内容符合

　　O Photography was socheap and readily available thatit could be purchased by people who weretoo poor to purchase fine art.没有说到too poor，也不是句子的重点，重点是它被认为是艺术劣质品

　　O Photography not only spread quickly but also was a cheap art form and so became true successor of fine arts rather than its poor relation.比较反了，不是true successor

　　Paragraph 8: The rapid technical development of photography—the introduction of lighter and simpler equipment, and of new emulsions that coated photographic plates, film, and paper and enabled images to be made at much faster speeds—had some unanticipatedconsequences. Scientific experiments made by photographers such as Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) demonstrated that the movements of both humans and animals differed widely from the way they had been traditionally represented in art. Artists, often reluctantly, were forced to accept the evidence provided by the camera. The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats. Theaccidentaleffects obtained by candid photographers were soon being copied by artists such as the French painter Degas.

　　9. The word "accidental"in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　O surprising

　　O unintentional

　　O realistic

　　O unusual

　　词汇题

　　解析：Theaccidental effects obtained by candid photographers were soon being copied by artists such as the French painter Degas.词根词缀法，accident表示意外，-al表示形容词，所以是“意外的，不是有意的”选2

　　10. The word"unanticipated"in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　O indirect

　　O not expected

　　O unquestionable

　　O beneficial

　　词汇题

　　解析：he rapid technical development of photography—the introduction of lighter and simpler equipment, and of new emulsions that coated photographic plates, film, and paper and enabled images to be made at much faster speeds—had some unanticipatedconsequences.词根词缀法，anticipate=expect，-ed表被动形容词，un表示否定，也就是“not expected”选2

　　11. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 8 as a benefit that artists derived from photography?

　　O It inspired artists to use technological themes in their painting.

　　O It lent prestige to those artists who used photographs as models for paintings

　　O It provided artists with new types of equipment to speed up the painting process.

　　O It motivated artists to think about new ways to compose images in their paintings.

　　细节题

　　定位词：a benefit that artists derived from photography

　　解析：The new candid photography—unposed picturesthat were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats.这种技术让人们相处新的方式来绘画，选4

　　12. It can be inferred from paragraph 8 that one effect that photography had on painting was that it

　　O provided painters with new insights into how humans and animals actually move

　　O showed that representing movement could be as interesting as portrait art

　　O increased the appeal of painted portraiture among the wealthy

　　O influenced artists to improve techniques for painting faster

　　推断题

　　定位词：one effect that photography had on painting

　　解析：Scientific experiments made by photographers such as Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) demonstrated that the movementsof bothhumans and animalsdiffered widely from the way they had been traditionally represented in art.让人们发现人和动物的运动和之前描述的不一样，选4

　　Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.■

　　A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841.■ Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image.■ This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.■

　　13. Look at the four squares HI that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

　　Although his process produced permanent images, each was unique and no reproduction of the picture was possible.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

　　插入题

　　解析：Althoughhis processproduced permanent images,each was unique and no reproduction of the picture was possible.

　　找到permanent image 和his 的所指

　　Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such imagespermanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre(1787-1851), who perfecteda way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.■

　　个选项之前出现permanent image，以及L发明的方法来保存图片，后面应该放插入句，让步，选1

　　14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　Drag your answer choices to tne spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.

　　The invention of photography had a significant impact on the art of painting in the nineteenth century.

　　O

　　O

　　O

　　Answer Choices

　　O For a brief time, artists preferred not to paint natural or realistic images that would have to compete with photographs.

　　O Before photography, Canaletto had used the camera obscura to project scenes onto a paper or glass plate.

　　O The photographic processes of Louis Daguerre and William Henry Talbot both made permanent images, but only Talbot's process allowed making multiple copies.

　　O The work of Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey established photography both as a science and as an art.

　　O Photography made accurate images widely and inexpensively available, but this popular success also had the effect of lowering its perceived value in relation to the fine arts.

　　O Photography eliminated the painted portrait miniature, led artists to accurately represent movement, and affected pictorial composition, but did not replace traditional visual arts.

　　总结题

　　解析：分析黑体字：The invention of photographyhad a significant impacton the art of painting in the nineteenth century.强调摄影术对绘画的影响

　　OFor a brief time,artists preferred not to paint natural or realistic images that would have to compete with photographs.跟主题无关

　　O Before photography, Canaletto had used the camera obscura to project scenes onto a paper or glass plate. 第二段观点

　　O The photographic processes of Louis Daguerre and William Henry Talbot both made permanent images, but only Talbot's process allowed making multiple copies. 细节排除

　　O The work ofEadweard Muybridgeand Etienne-Jules Marey established photography both as a science and as an art.细节排除

　　O Photography made accurate images widely and inexpensively available, but this popular success also had the effect of lowering its perceived value in relation to the fine arts.主题句

　　OPhotography eliminated the painted portrait miniature, led artists to accurately represent movement, and affected pictorial composition, but did not replace traditional visual arts.主题句

　　参考答案：

　　1-5.：CABCC 6-10：BDBBB 11-13：DAA

　　14. Before photography ...

　　The photographic ...

　　Photography eliminated ...

 

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